另一方面,更多的普通民众,为了躲避战乱,免受兵燹之苦,在地方士绅的带领下,纷纷组织团练,以此保卫桑梓。
Officials at the provincial level mainly organized Shandong army to suppress the Nien and grass-roots officials mainly organized local civil corps to strengthen defense.省级官员主要是组织山东地方兵、勇防剿捻军,而地方基层官员主要是组织团练,加强地方防御。